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John Marshall Harlan (June 1, 1833October 14, 1911) was an American lawyer and politician from Kentucky who served as an associate justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. Harlan was born at Harlan's Station, 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Danville, Kentucky on Salt River Road, in 1833 to a prominent family. He attended school in Frankfort and then graduated from Centre College. Harlan entered Kentucky politics in 1851, and served a variety of positions, most notably Attorney General of Kentucky, from 1863 to 1867. When the American Civil War broke out, Harlan strongly supported the Union, although he opposed the Emancipation Proclamation and supported slavery.〔 However, after the election of Ulysses S. Grant as President in 1868, he reversed his views and became a strong supporter of civil rights. In 1877, Harlan was appointed a member of the Supreme Court. A Christian fundamentalist, Harlan's Christian beliefs strongly shaped his views during his tenure as Supreme Court justice.〔 He is best known for his role as the lone dissenter in the ''Civil Rights Cases'' (1883), and ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' (1896), which, respectively, struck down as unconstitutional federal anti-discrimination legislation and upheld southern segregation statutes. These dissents, among others, led to his nickname of "The Great Dissenter". Harlan died in 1911, at the age of 78. ==Early life and education== Harlan was born at Harlan's Station, 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Danville, Kentucky on Salt River Road, in 1833, to a prominent slaveholding family, whose earliest members had settled in the region in 1779 in the last part of the American Revolutionary War. Harlan's father was James Harlan, a lawyer and politician who served as US Congressman from Kentucky (1835–1839), Secretary of State of Kentucky (1840–1844) and state legislator (1845–1851); his mother, Elizabeth, ''née'' Davenport, was the daughter of a pioneer from Virginia. John had several older brothers, possibly including a mulatto half-brother, Robert James Harlan, born in 1816 into slavery. His father raised him in his own household and had the boy tutored by his older half-brothers. According to historian Allyson Hobbs, Robert became highly successful, making a fortune in the California Gold Rush before returning east and settling in Cincinnati, Ohio.〔 He "remained close to the other Harlans;" she suggests this might have influenced his half-brother John Marshall Harlan, "who argued on behalf of equal rights under the law in 'Plessy v. Ferguson'."〔(DANZY SENNANOV, Review: "'A Chosen Exile,' by Allyson Hobbs" ), ''New York Times'', 23 November 2014, accessed 4 April 2015〕 After attending school in Frankfort, John Harlan enrolled at Centre College. He was a member of Beta Theta Pi and graduated with honors. Though his mother wanted Harlan to become a merchant, James insisted that his son follow him into the legal profession, and Harlan joined his father's law practice in 1852. While James Harlan could have trained his son in the office as was the norm of "reading the law" in that era, he sent John to attend law school at Transylvania University in 1853, where George Robertson and Thomas Alexander Marshall were among his instructors.〔Beth (1992), pgs. 7–8, 13–17.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Marshall Harlan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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